1. Degioanni A, Bonenfant C, Cabut S, Condemi S. Living on the edge: Was demographic weakness the cause of Neanderthal demise? PLoS One. 2019;14(5)

. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216742

2. Salazar-García DC, Power RC, Sanchis Serra A, et al. Neanderthal diets in central and southeastern Mediterranean Iberia. Quatern Int. 2013;318:3-18. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.06.0

3. Richter J. Neanderthals in their landscape. In: Demarsin B, Otte M, eds. Neanderthals in Europe. Eraul 117 & Atvatvca 2; 2006:51-66.

4. Shipley GP, Kindscher K. Evidence for the Paleoethnobotany of the Neanderthal: A Review of the Literature. Scientifica (Cairo). 2016;2016:8927654. doi:10.1155/2016/892765

5. Weyrich LS, Duchene S, Soubrier J, et al. Neanderthal behaviour, diet, and disease inferred from ancient DNA in dental calculus. Nature. 2017;544(7650):357-361. doi:10.1038/nature21674

6. Ghaedi E, Mohammadi M, Mohammadi H, et al. Effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [published correction appears in Adv Nutr. 2020;11(4):1054]. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(4):634-646. doi:10.1093/advances/nmz007

7. Pontzer H, Wood BM, Raichlen DA. Hunter-gatherers as models in public health. Obes Rev. 2018;19(suppl 1):24-35. doi:10.1111/obr.12785

8. Churuangsuk C, Griffiths D, Lean MEJ, Combet E. Impacts of carbohydrate-restricted diets on micronutrient intakes and status: A systematic review. Obes Rev. 2019;20(8):1132-1147. doi:10.1111/obr.12857

9. Kyriacou K, Blackhurst DM, Parkington JE, Marais AD. Marine and terrestrial foods as a source of brain-selective nutrients for early modern humans in the southwestern Cape, South Africa. J Hum Evol. 2016;97:86-96. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.04.009

10. Ruiz-Núñez B, Dijck-Brouwer DA, Muskiet FA. The relation of saturated fatty acids with low-grade inflammation and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr Biochem. 2016;36:1-20. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.12.007

11. Amiri M, Karabegović I, van Westing AC, et al. Whole-diet interventions and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women: A systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Maturitas. 2022;155:40-53.

12. Blomquist C, Chorell E, Ryberg M, et al. Decreased lipogenesis-promoting factors in adipose tissue in postmenopausal women with overweight on a Paleolithic-type diet. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57(8):2877-2886. doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1558-0

13. Boers I, Muskiet FA, Berkelaar E, et al. Favourable effects of consuming a Palaeolithic-type diet on characteristics of the metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled pilot-study. Lipids Health Dis. 2014;13:160. Published 2014 Oct 11. doi:10.1186/1476-511X-13-160

14. Cordain L, Eaton SB, Miller JB, Mann N, Hill K. The paradoxical nature of hunter-gatherer diets: meat-based, yet non-atherogenic. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56 Suppl 1:S42-S52. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601353

15. Frassetto LA, Schloetter M, Mietus-Synder M, Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A. Metabolic and physiologic improvements from consuming a paleolithic, hunter-gatherer type diet. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63(8):947-955. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.

16.Frassetto LA, Shi L, Schloetter M, Sebastian A, Remer T. Established dietary estimates of net acid production do not predict measured net acid excretion in patients with Type 2 diabetes on Paleolithic-Hunter-Gatherer-type diets. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(9):899-903. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.124

17. Konner M, Eaton SB. Paleolithic nutrition: twenty-five years later. Nutr Clin Pract. 2010;25(6):594-602. doi:10.1177/0884533610385702

18. Masharani U, Sherchan P, Schloetter M, et al. Metabolic and physiologic effects from consuming a hunter-gatherer (Paleolithic)-type diet in type 2 diabetes. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2015;69(8):944-948. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.39

19. Otten J, Ryberg M, Mellberg C, et al. Postprandial levels of GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon after 2 years of weight loss with a Paleolithic diet: a randomized controlled trial in healthy obese women. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019;180(6):417-427. doi:10.1530/EJE-19-0082

20. Sohouli MH, Fatahi S, Lari A, et al. The effect of paleolithic diet on glucose metabolism and lipid profile among patients with metabolic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(17):4551-4562. doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1876625

21. Anton SD, Hida A, Heekin K, et al. Effects of Popular Diets without Specific Calorie Targets on Weight Loss Outcomes: Systematic Review of Findings from Clinical Trials. Nutrients. 2017;9(8):822. Published 2017 Jul 31. doi:10.3390/nu9080822

22. Bligh HF, Godsland IF, Frost G, et al. Plant-rich mixed meals based on Palaeolithic diet principles have a dramatic impact on incretin, peptide YY and satiety response, but show little effect on glucose and insulin homeostasis: An acute-effects randomised study. Br J Nutr. 2015;113(4):574-584.

23. Eaton SB, Eaton SB 3rd, Konner MJ. Paleolithic nutrition revisited: a twelve-year retrospective on its nature and implications. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997;51(4):207-216. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600389

24. Fadó R, Molins A, Rojas R, Casals N. Feeding the Brain: Effect of Nutrients on Cognition, Synaptic Function, and AMPA Receptors. Nutrients. 2022;14(19):4137. Published 2022 Oct 5. doi:10.3390/nu14194137

25. Frączek B, Pięta A, Burda A, Mazur-Kurach P, Tyrała F. Paleolithic diet-effect on the health status and performance of athletes? Nutrients. 2021;13(3):1019. doi:10.3390/nu13031019

26. Genoni A, Lyons-Wall P, Lo J, Devine A. Cardiovascular, Metabolic Effects and Dietary Composition of Ad-Libitum Paleolithic vs. Australian Guide to Healthy Eating Diets: A 4-Week Randomised Trial. Nutrients. 2016;8(5):314. doi:10.3390/nu8050314

27. Kuipers RS, Luxwolda MF, Dijck-Brouwer DA, et al. Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(11):1666-1687. doi:10.1017/S0007114510002679

28. Lee JE, Titcomb TJ, Bisht B, Rubenstein LM, Louison R, Wahls TL. A Modified MCT-Based Ketogenic Diet Increases Plasma β-Hydroxybutyrate but Has Less Effect on Fatigue and Quality of Life in People with Multiple Sclerosis Compared to a Modified Paleolithic Diet: A Waitlist-Controlled, Randomized Pilot Study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2021;40(1):13-25. doi:10.1080/07315724.2020.1734988

29. Metzgar M, Rideout TC, Fontes-Villalba M, Kuipers RS. The feasibility of a Paleolithic diet for low-income consumers. Nutr Res. 2011;31(6):444-451. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2011.05.008

30. Sanches Machado d'Almeida K, Ronchi Spillere S, Zuchinali P, Corrêa Souza G. Mediterranean diet and other dietary patterns in primary prevention of heart failure and changes in cardiac function markers: a systematic review. Nutrients.2018;10(1):58. doi:10.3390/nu10010058

31. Stomby A, Simonyte K, Mellberg C, et al. Diet-induced weight loss has chronic tissue-specific effects on glucocorticoid metabolism in overweight postmenopausal women. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015;39(5):814-819. doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.188

32. Titcomb TJ, Bisht B, Moore DD 3rd, et al. Eating Pattern and Nutritional Risks among People with Multiple Sclerosis Following a Modified Paleolithic Diet. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1844. Published 2020 Jun 20. doi:10.3390/nu12061844

33. Wahls TL, Chenard CA, Snetselaar LG. Review of Two Popular Eating Plans within the Multiple Sclerosis Community: Low Saturated Fat and Modified Paleolithic. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):352. Published 2019 Feb 7. doi:10.3390/nu11020352

34. Fenton TR, Fenton CJ. Paleo diet still lacks evidence. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(3):844. doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.139006

35. Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Ahrén B, et al. Beneficial effects of a Paleolithic diet on cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes: A randomized cross-over pilot study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009;8:35. doi:10.1186/1475-2840-8-35

36. Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Erlanson-Albertsson C, Ahrén B, Lindeberg S. A Paleolithic diet is more satiating per calorie than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischemic heart disease. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2010;7:85. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-7-85

37. Challa HJ, Bandlamudi M, Uppaluri KR. Paleolithic Diet. [Updated 2022 Jul 4]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482457/

38. Chenard CA, Rubenstein LM, Snetselaar LG, Wahls TL. Nutrient composition comparison between a modified paleolithic diet for multiple sclerosis and the recommended healthy U.S.-style eating pattern. Nutrients. 2019;11(3):537. doi:10.3390/nu11030537

39. Manheimer EW, van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Pijl H. Paleolithic nutrition for metabolic syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;102(4):922-932. doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.113613

40. Mårtensson A, Stomby A, Tellström A, et al. Using a paleo ratio to assess adherence to paleolithic dietary recommendations in a randomized controlled trial of individuals with type 2 diabetes. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):969. doi:10.3390/nu13030969

41. Singh A, Singh D. The Paleolithic diet. Cureus. 2023;15(1). doi:10.7759/cureus.34214

42. Ge L, Sadeghirad B, Ball GDC, et al. Comparison of dietary macronutrient patterns of 14 popular named dietary programmes for weight and cardiovascular risk factor reduction in adults: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2020;369. doi:10.1136/bmj.m696

43. Kwon YJ, Lee HS, Park JY, Lee JW. Associating intake proportion of carbohydrate, fat, and protein with all-cause mortality in Korean adults. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):3208. doi:10.3390/nu12103208

44. Ryan-Harshman M, Aldoori W. New dietary reference intakes for macronutrients and fibre. Can Fam Physician. 2006;52(2):177-179.

45. Kelly OJ, Gilman JC, Ilich JZ. Utilizing dietary nutrient ratios in nutritional research: expanding the concept of nutrient ratios to macronutrients. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):282. doi:10.3390/nu11020282

46. Manore MM. Exercise and the Institute of Medicine recommendations for nutrition. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2005;4(4):193-198. doi:10.1097/01.csmr.0000306206.72186.00

47. Pramuková B, Szabadosová V, Soltésová A. Current knowledge about sports nutrition. Australas Med J. 2011;4(3):107-110. doi:10.4066/AMJ.2011.520

48. Carreiro AL, Dhillon J, Gordon S, et al. The macronutrients, appetite, and energy intake. Annu Rev Nutr. 2016;36:73-103. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-121415-112624.

49. de Souza RJ, Swain JF, Appel LJ, Sacks FM. Alternatives for macronutrient intake and chronic disease: a comparison of the OmniHeart diets with popular diets and with dietary recommendations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(1):1-11. doi:10.1093/ajcn/88.1.1.

50. Ruffett A, Collard M. An assessment of the impact of cross-cultural variation in plant macronutrients on the recommendations of the Paleo Diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2023;117(4):777-784. doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.12.003.

51. Sacks FM, Bray GA, Carey VJ, et al. Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(9):859-873. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0804748.

52. Venn BJ. Macronutrients and human health for the 21st century. Nutrients. 2020;12(8):2363. doi:10.3390/nu12082363.

53. Wall JD, Yang MA, Jay F, et al. Higher levels of Neanderthal ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans. Genetics. 2013;194(1):199-209. doi:10.1534/genetics.112.148213.

54. Casazza K, Dulin-Keita A, Gower BA, Fernández JR. Relationships between reported macronutrient intake and insulin dynamics in a multi-ethnic cohort of early pubertal children. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2009;4(4):249-256. doi:10.3109/17477160902763366.

55. Cawthorn DM, Hoffman LC. The bushmeat and food security nexus: a global account of the contributions, conundrums, and ethical collisions. Food Res Int. 2015;76:906-925. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2015.03.025.

56. Steyn NP, Nel JH, Malczyk S, Drummond L, Senekal M. Provincial dietary intake study (PDIS): energy and macronutrient intakes of children in a representative/random sample of 1-<10-year-old children in two economically active and urbanized provinces in South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1717. doi:10.3390/ijerph17051717.

57. Vorster HH, Kruger A, Margetts BM. The nutrition transition in Africa: can it be steered into a more positive direction?. Nutrients. 2011;3(4):429-441. doi:10.3390/nu3040429.

58. Gibson R, Knight A, Asante M, Thomas J, Goff LM. Comparing dietary macronutrient composition and food sources between native and diasporic Ghanaian adults. Food Nutr Res. 2015;59:27790. doi:10.3402/fnr.v59.27790

59. Grech A, Rangan A, Allman-Farinelli M. Macronutrient composition of the Australian population's diet; trends from three national nutrition surveys 1983, 1995, and 2012. Nutrients. 2018;10(8):1045. doi:10.3390/nu10081045

60. Mchiza ZJ, Steyn NP, Hill J, et al. A review of dietary surveys in the adult South African population from 2000 to 2015. Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8227-8250. doi:10.3390/nu7095389

61. Truman SC, Wirth MD, Arp Adams S, et al. Meal timing, distribution of macronutrients, and inflammation among African-American women: A cross-sectional study. Chronobiol Int. 2022;39(7):976-983. doi:10.1080/07420528.2022.2053702

62 Ali R, Lee ET, Knehans AW, et al. Dietary intake among American Indians with metabolic syndrome - comparison to dietary recommendations: the Balance Study. Int J Health Nutr. 2013;4(1):33-45.

63. Brooking LA, Williams SM, Mann JI. Effects of macronutrient composition of the diet on body fat in indigenous people at high risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;96(1):40-46. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2011.11.021

64. Fialkowski MK, McCrory MA, Roberts SM, et al. Estimated nutrient intakes from food generally do not meet dietary reference intakes among adult members of Pacific Northwest tribal nations. J Nutr. 2010;140(5):992-998. doi:10.3945/jn.109.114629

65. Navarro JC, Prado SM, Cárdenas PA, Santos RD, Caramelli B. Pre-historic eating patterns in Latin America and protective effects of plant-based diets on cardiovascular risk factors. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil). 2010;65(10):1049-1054. doi:10.1590/s1807-59322010001000022

66. Sarkar D, Walker-Swaney J, Shetty K. Food diversity and indigenous food systems to combat diet-linked chronic diseases. Curr Dev Nutr. 2019;4(Suppl 1):3-11. doi:10.1093/cdn/nzz099

67. Batal M, Chan HM, Ing A, et al. Nutrient adequacy and nutrient sources of adults among ninety-two First Nations communities across Canada. Can J Public Health. 2021;112(Suppl 1):29-40. doi:10.17269/s41997-021-00490

68. Kenny TA, Hu XF, Kuhnlein HV, Wesche SD, Chan HM. Dietary sources of energy and nutrients in the contemporary diet of Inuit adults: results from the 2007-08 Inuit Health Survey. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21(7):1319-1331. doi:10.1017/S1368980017003810

69. Kuhnlein HV, Receveur O, Soueida R, Berti PR. Unique patterns of dietary adequacy in three cultures of Canadian Arctic indigenous peoples. Public Health Nutr. 2008;11(4):349-360. doi:10.1017/S1368980007000353

70. Cordain L, Eaton SB, Sebastian A, et al. Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(2):341-354. doi:10.1093/ajcn.81.2.341

71. Fiorenza L, Benazzi S, Henry AG, et al. To meat or not to meat? New perspectives on Neanderthal ecology. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2015;156 Suppl 59:43-71. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22659

72. Hardy K, Bocherens H, Miller JB, Copeland L. Reconstructing Neanderthal diet: The case for carbohydrates. J Hum Evol. 2022;162:103105. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103105

73. Mellberg C, Sandberg S, Ryberg M, et al. Long-term effects of a Palaeolithic-type diet in obese postmenopausal women: a 2-year randomized trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68(3):350-357. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.290

74. Eaton SB. The ancestral human diet: what was it and should it be a paradigm for contemporary nutrition? Proc Nutr Soc. 2006;65(1):1-6. doi:10.1079/pns2005471

75. Cordain L, Miller JB, Eaton SB, Mann N, Holt SH, Speth JD. Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(3):682-692. doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.3.682

76. Cordain L. Implications of Plio-Pleistocene hominin diets for modern humans. In: Ungar PS, ed. Evolution of the Human Diet: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006:363-383.

77. Cordain L, Miller JB, Eaton SB, Mann N. Macronutrient estimations in hunter-gatherer diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(6):1589-1592. doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.6.1589

78. Eaton SB, Konner M. Paleolithic nutrition. A consideration of its nature and current implications. N Engl J Med. 1985;312(5):283-289. doi:10.1056/NEJM198501313120505

79. The Nature Conservancy. Helping the Hadza protect their homeland. The Nature Conservancy. Available from: https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/africa/stories-in-africa/the-hadza-helping-hunter-gatherers-protect-their-homeland

80. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 8th ed. December 2015. Available from: https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2019-05/2015-2020_Dietary_Guidelines.pdf

81. Shan Z, Rehm CD, Rogers G, et al. Trends in dietary carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake and diet quality among US adults, 1999-2016. JAMA. 2019;322(12):1178-1187. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.13771

82. Oh R, Gilani B, Uppaluri KR. Low-carbohydrate diet. [Updated 2023 Aug 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537084

83. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. FastStats - diet and nutrition. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated April 28, 2023. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/diet.htm

84. Lindeberg S, Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, et al. A Palaeolithic diet improves glucose tolerance more than a Mediterranean-like diet in individuals with ischaemic heart disease. Diabetologia. 2007;50(9):1795-1807. doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0716-y